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Mountain - Desert - Jungle

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15 Manuals in pdf format-

1. "MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING"
2. "Mountain Operations"
3. "MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES (BASIC)"
4. "RAPPELLING"

5. "Desert Operations"
6. "SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS OPERATIONS (DESERT)"

7. "JUNGLE OPERATIONS"
8. "Terrain Analysis"

9. "MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION"
10. "SURVIVAL, EVASION, AND RECOVERY"
11. "Air Force Survival Manual"
12. "SURVIVAL IN COLD WEATHER"

13. Basic Cold Weather Manual
14. "WATER SURVIVAL TRAINING"
15. "MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS IN UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENTS"

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1. "MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING" FM 3-97.61 (TC 90-6-1)

Mountains exist in almost every country in the world and almost every war has included some type of mountain operations. This pattern will not change; therefore, soldiers will fight in mountainous terrain in future conflicts.

Although mountain operations have not changed, several advancements in equipment and transportation have increased the soldiers’ capabilities. The helicopter now allows access to terrain that was once unreachable or could be reached only by slow methodical climbing. Inclementweather, however, may place various restrictions on the capabilities of air assets available to a commander. The unit must then possess the necessary mountaineering skills to overcome adverse terrain to reach an objective.

This field manual details techniques soldiers and leaders must know to cope with mountainous terrain. These techniques are the foundation upon which the mountaineer must build. They must be applied to the various situations encountered to include river crossings, glaciers, snow-covered mountains, ice climbing, rock climbing, and urban vertical environments. The degree to which this training is applied must be varied to conform to known enemy doctrine, tactics, and actions. This FM also discusses basic and advanced techniques to include acclimatization, illness and injury, equipment, anchors, evacuation, movement on glaciers, and training.

MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE........................................................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER 1. MOUNTAIN TERRAIN, WEATHER, AND HAZARDS
Section I. Mountain Terrain .................................................................................. 1-1
1-1 Definition.................................................................................. 1-1
1-2 Composition.............................................................................. 1-1
1-3. Rock and Slope Types .............................................................. 1-1
1-4. Rock Classifications ................................................................. 1-2
1-5. Mountain Building.................................................................... 1-4
1-6. Route Classification.................................................................. 1-5
1-7. Cross-Country Movement ........................................................ 1-9
1-8. Cover and Concealment.......................................................... 1-10
1-9. Observation............................................................................. 1-10
1-10. Fields of Fire........................................................................... 1-11
Section II. Mountain Weather .............................................................................. 1-11
1-11. Considerations for Planning ................................................... 1-11
1-12. Mountain Air .......................................................................... 1-12
1-13. Weather Characteristics .......................................................... 1-12
1-14. Wind........................................................................................ 1-13
1-15. Humidity ................................................................................. 1-14
1-16. Cloud Formation ..................................................................... 1-14
1-17. Types of Clouds ...................................................................... 1-15
1-18. Fronts ...................................................................................... 1-23
1-19. Temperature ............................................................................ 1-23
1-20. Weather Forecasting ............................................................... 1-24
1-21. Recording Data ....................................................................... 1-25
Section III. Mountain Hazards............................................................................... 1-27
1-22. Subjective Hazards ................................................................. 1-27
1-23. Objective Hazards................................................................... 1-27
1-24. Weather Hazards..................................................................... 1-28
1-25. Avalanche Hazards ................................................................. 1-29
CHAPTER 2. MOUNTAIN LIVING
Section I. Survival................................................................................................. 2-1
2-1. Water Supply ............................................................................ 2-1
2-2. Nutrition.................................................................................... 2-2
2-3. Personal Hygiene and Sanitation .............................................. 2-5
Section II. Acclimatization and Conditioning........................................................ 2-6
2-4. Symptoms and Adjustments ..................................................... 2-6
2-5. Physical and Psychological Conditioning ................................ 2-7
Section III. Medical Considerations ........................................................................ 2-9
2-6. Illness and Injury ...................................................................... 2-9
2-7. Treatment and Evacuation ...................................................... 2-10
2-8. Solar Injuries........................................................................... 2-10
2-9. Cold-Weather Injuries ............................................................ 2-11
2-10. Heat Injuries............................................................................ 2-20
2-11. Acute Mountain Sickness ....................................................... 2-21
2-12. Chronic Mountain Sickness.................................................... 2-22
2-13. Understanding High-Altitude Illnesses................................... 2-22
2-14. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema ........................................... 2-23
2-15. High-Altitude Cerebral Edema ............................................... 2-24
2-16. Hydration in HAPE and HACE.............................................. 2-25
CHAPTER 3. MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT
Section I. Equipment Description and Maintenance............................................. 3-1
3-1. Footwear ................................................................................... 3-1
3-2. Clothing .................................................................................... 3-2
3-3. Climbing Software.................................................................... 3-8
3-4. Climbing Hardware................................................................. 3-11
3-5. Snow and Ice Climbing Hardware.......................................... 3-21
3-6. Sustainability Equipment........................................................ 3-26
Section II. Equipment Packing ............................................................................. 3-30
3-7. Choice of Equipment .............................................................. 3-30
3-8. Tips on Packing ...................................................................... 3-33
CHAPTER 4. ROPE MANAGEMENT AND KNOTS
Section I. Preparation, Care and Maintenance, Inspection, Terminology ............ 4-1
4-1. Preparation................................................................................ 4-1
4-2. Care and Maintenance .............................................................. 4-1
4-3. Inspection.................................................................................. 4-3
4-4. Terminology.............................................................................. 4-3
Section II. Coiling, Carrying, Throwing ................................................................ 4-4
4-5. Coiling and Carrying the Rope ................................................. 4-4
4-6. Throwing the Rope ................................................................... 4-8
Section III. Knots .................................................................................................. 4-8
4-7. Square Knot .............................................................................. 4-9
4-8. Fisherman’s Knot...................................................................... 4-9
4-9. Double Fisherman’s Knot....................................................... 4-10
4-10. Figure-Eight Bend .................................................................. 4-11
4-11. Water Knot.............................................................................. 4-12
4-12. Bowline................................................................................... 4-13
4-13. Round Turn and Two Half Hitches......................................... 4-14
4-14. Figure-Eight Retrace (Rerouted Figure-Eight)....................... 4-15
4-15. Clove Hitch............................................................................. 4-16
4-16. Wireman’s Knot...................................................................... 4-17
4-17. Directional Figure-Eight......................................................... 4-18
4-18. Bowline-on-a-Bight (Two-Loop Bowline)............................. 4-19
4-19. Two-Loop Figure-Eight.......................................................... 4-20
4-20. Figure-Eight Loop (Figure-Eight-on-a-Bight)........................ 4-21
4-21. Prusik Knot ............................................................................. 4-22
4-22. Bachman Knot ........................................................................ 4-23
4-23. Bowline-on-a-Coil .................................................................. 4-24
4-24. Three-Loop Bowline............................................................... 4-25
4-25. Figure-Eight Slip Knot ........................................................... 4-26
4-26. Transport Knot (Overhand Slip Knot/Mule Knot) ................. 4-27
4-27. Kleimhiest Knot...................................................................... 4-28
4-28. Frost Knot ............................................................................... 4-29
4-29. Girth Hitch .............................................................................. 4-30
4-30. Munter Hitch........................................................................... 4-30
4-31. Rappel Seat ............................................................................. 4-31
4-32. Guarde Knot............................................................................ 4-32
CHAPTER 5. ANCHORS
Section I. Natural Anchors.................................................................................... 5-1
5-1. Trees ......................................................................................... 5-1
5-2. Boulders.................................................................................... 5-2
5-3. Chockstones.............................................................................. 5-2
5-4. Rock Projections....................................................................... 5-3
5-5. Tunnels and Arches .................................................................. 5-4
5-6. Bushes and Shrubs.................................................................... 5-4
5-7. Slinging Techniques ................................................................. 5-4
Section II. Anchoring With the Rope ..................................................................... 5-7
5-8. Rope Anchor............................................................................. 5-7
5-9. Tensionless Anchor .................................................................. 5-7
Section III. Artificial Anchors ................................................................................. 5-8
5-10. Deadman ................................................................................... 5-8
5-11. Pitons ........................................................................................ 5-9
5-12. Chocks .................................................................................... 5-11
5-13. Spring-Loaded Camming Device ........................................... 5-13
5-14. Bolts........................................................................................ 5-14
5-15. Equalizing Anchors ................................................................ 5-15
CHAPTER 6. CLIMBING
Section I. Climbing Fundamentals........................................................................ 6-1
6-1. Route Selection......................................................................... 6-1
6-2. Terrain Selection for Training .................................................. 6-1
6-3. Preparation................................................................................ 6-2
6-4. Spotting..................................................................................... 6-2
6-5. Climbing Technique ................................................................. 6-3
6-6. Safety Precautions .................................................................... 6-8
6-7. Margin of Safety ....................................................................... 6-9
Section II. Use of Holds ....................................................................................... 6-10
6-8. Climbing With the Feet........................................................... 6-10
6-9. Using the Hands...................................................................... 6-13
6-10. Combination Techniques ........................................................ 6-19
Section III. Roped Climbing.................................................................................. 6-27
6-11. Tying-in to the Climbing Rope............................................... 6-27
6-12. Presewn Harnesses.................................................................. 6-28
6-13. Improvised Harnesses............................................................. 6-32
Section IV. Belay Techniques................................................................................ 6-33
6-14. Procedure for Managing the Rope.......................................... 6-34
6-15. Choosing a Belay Technique .................................................. 6-39
6-16. Establishing a Belay ............................................................... 6-40
6-17. Setting Up a Belay .................................................................. 6-43
6-18. Top-Rope Belay...................................................................... 6-43
Section V. Climbing Commands .......................................................................... 6-43
6-19. Verbal Commands .................................................................. 6-44
6-20. Rope Tug Commands ............................................................. 6-45
Section VI. Roped Climbing Methods................................................................... 6-45
6-21. Top-Roped Climbing .............................................................. 6-45
6-22. Lead Climbing ........................................................................ 6-45
6-23. Aid Climbing .......................................................................... 6-54
6-24. Three-Man Climbing Team .................................................... 6-57
CHAPTER 7. ROPE INSTALLATIONS
Section I. Fixed Rope............................................................................................ 7-1
7-1. Installation ................................................................................ 7-1
7-2. Utilization ................................................................................. 7-1
7-3. Retrieval.................................................................................... 7-2
7-4. Fixed Rope With Intermediate Anchors ................................... 7-3
Section II. Rappelling............................................................................................. 7-5
7-5. Selection of a Rappel Point....................................................... 7-6
7-6. Installation of the Rappel Point ................................................ 7-6
7-7. Operation of the Rappel Point .................................................. 7-6
7-8. Recovery of the Rappel Point ................................................... 7-8
7-9. Types of Rappels ...................................................................... 7-9
Section III. One-Rope Bridge ................................................................................ 7-14
7-10. Site Selection .......................................................................... 7-15
7-11. Installation Using Transport Tightening System.................... 7-15
7-12. Installation Using Z-Pulley Tightening System ..................... 7-18
7-13. Utilization ............................................................................... 7-19
7-14. Hauling Line ........................................................................... 7-21
7-15. Retrieval.................................................................................. 7-22
Section IV. Suspension Traverse ........................................................................... 7-22
7-16. Site Selection .......................................................................... 7-23
7-17. Installation .............................................................................. 7-23
7-18. Retrieval.................................................................................. 7-27
Section V. Vertical Hauling Line ......................................................................... 7-27
7-19. Site Selection .......................................................................... 7-27
7-20. Installation .............................................................................. 7-28
7-21. Retrieval.................................................................................. 7-29
Section VI. Simple Raising Systems...................................................................... 7-29
7-22. Z-Pulley System...................................................................... 7-29
7-23. U-Pulley System ..................................................................... 7-31
CHAPTER 8. MOUNTAIN WALKING TECHNIQUES
8-1. Basic Principles ........................................................................ 8-1
8-2. Techniques................................................................................ 8-2
8-3. Safety Considerations ............................................................... 8-5
8-4. Navigation................................................................................. 8-5
8-5. Route Planning........................................................................ 8-10
8-6. Route Selection....................................................................... 8-13
CHAPTER 9. MOUNTAIN STREAM CROSSING
9-1. Reconnaissance......................................................................... 9-1
9-2. Preparation of Troops and Equipment...................................... 9-3
9-3. Individual Crossings ................................................................. 9-3
9-4. Team Crossing .......................................................................... 9-4
9-5. Rope Installations ..................................................................... 9-5
9-6. Safety ........................................................................................ 9-8
9-7. Swimming................................................................................. 9-8
CHAPTER 10. MOVEMENT OVER SNOW AND ICE
10-1. Movement Over Snow............................................................ 10-1
10-2. Movement Over Ice ................................................................ 10-2
10-3. Use of Ice Ax and Crampons.................................................. 10-2
10-4. Glissading ............................................................................. 10-13
10-5. Snow and Ice Anchors .......................................................... 10-14
10-6. Roped Climbing on Ice and Snow ........................................ 10-18
10-7. Movement on Glaciers.......................................................... 10-19
10-8. Glacier Bivouac Procedures ................................................. 10-33
CHAPTER 11. MOUNTAIN RESCUE AND EVACUATION
11-1. Considerations ........................................................................ 11-1
11-2. Planning Rescue Operations ................................................... 11-2
11-3. Mass Casualties ...................................................................... 11-3
11-4. Special Training...................................................................... 11-4
11-5. Preparation for Evacuation ..................................................... 11-4
11-6. Manual Carries........................................................................ 11-4
11-7. Litters...................................................................................... 11-7
11-8. Rescue Systems....................................................................... 11-9
11-9. Low-Angle Evacuation......................................................... 11-10
11-10. High-Angle Evacuation ........................................................ 11-12
APPENDIX A. LEVELS OF MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING.................... A-1
APPENDIX B. MEASUREMENT CONVERSION FACTORS ........................B-1
APPENDIX C. AVALANCHE SEARCH AND RESCUE TECHNIQUES.......C-1
GLOSSARY........................................................................................................Glossary-1
REFERENCES............................................................................................... References-1
INDEX...................................................................................................................... Index-1

2. "Mountain Operations" FM 3-97.6

Preface
FM 3-97.6 describes the tactics, techniques, and procedures that the United States (US) Army uses to fight in mountainous regions. It is directly linked to doctrinal principles found in FM 3-0 and FM 3-100.40 and should be used in conjunction with them. It provides key information and considerations for commanders and staffs regarding how mountains affect personnel, equipment, and operations. It also assists them in planning, preparing, and executing operations, battles, and engagements in a mountainous environment.

3. "MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES (BASIC)" IN0486

This subcourse is designed to teach you the techniques you must know in order to cope with mountainous terrain. The subcourse contains information on identifying the different types of terrain;
characteristics of weather and climate; acclimatization and conditioning; and basic mountaineering
techniques.

4. "RAPPELLING" TC 21-24

This circular provides basic rappelling techniques to soldiers and leaders for the conduct of rappelling operations. It serves as the primary reference for both resident and nonresident instruction presented to cadets, officer candidates, and both commissioned and noncommissioned officers. This circular also discusses several advanced techniques dealing with infiltration and exfiltration.

5. "Desert Operations" FM 90-3

This is the Army and Marine Corps' manual for desert operations. It is the key reference for how the desert affects personnel, equipment and operations.

6. "SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS OPERATIONS" (DESERT) IN0828

Purpose and Scope
a. This manual is designed to prepare the individual soldier and small unit commander to conduct military operations for extended periods of time under the most severe and varying cold weather climatic conditions. The doctrine and techniques in the manual are applicable in any area that has cold weather and snow with their accompanying operational problems.

Troops properly trained in this doctrine and these techniques will be able to fight; live; and move in any cold weather area of the world. These include, among others, erecting and striking tents, performing maintenance, constructing roads, starting and warming engines, movement of supplies, and hundreds of other small tasks that must be performed while
wearing bulky cold weather clothing.

7. "JUNGLE OPERATIONS" FM 90-5
This chapter introduces jungle environments —where they are found and what they are like. Later chapters build on this information, providing guidance on fighting and living in the jungle.. At first, the jungle seems to be very hostile, but the hostility wanes as troops learn more about the jungle environment. Jungles, in their various forms, are common in tropical areas of the world— mainly Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Field Marshal Slim’s words reflect the image of the jungle most armies carry into jungle warfare
“To our men. . . the jungle was a strange, fearsome place; moving and fighting in it were a nightmare. We were too ready to classify jungle as 'impenetratable' . . . To us it appeared only as an obstacle to movement; to the Japanese it was a welcome means of concealed maneuver and suprise . . . The Japanese reaped the deserved reward . . . we paid the penalty.”
–Field Marshall Slim, Victor in Burma, World War II (Concerning the dark, early days of the Burma Campaign)

8. "Terrain Analysis" FM 5-33

SCOPE
Terrain analysis, an integral part of the intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), plays a key role in any military operation. During peacetime, terrain analysts build extensive data bases for each potential area of operations. They provide a base for all intelligence operations, tactical decisions, and tactical operations. They also support the planning and execution of most other battlefield functions. Because terrain features continually undergo change on the earth’s surface, data bases must be continuously revised and updated.

PURPOSE
This field manual prescribes basic doctrine and is intended to serve as a primary source of the most current available information on terrain analysis procedures for all personnel who plan, supervise, and conduct terrain analysis. The manual discusses the impact of the terrain and the weather on operations.

9. "MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION" FM 3-25.26

PREFACE
The purpose of this field manual is to provide a standardized source document for Armywide reference on map reading and land navigation. This manual applies to every soldier in the Army regardless of service branch, MOS, or rank. This manual also contains both doctrine and training guidance on these subjects. Part One addresses map reading and Part Two, land navigation. The appendixes include a list of exportable training materials, a matrix of land navigation tasks, an introduction to orienteering, and a discussion of several devices that can assist the soldier in land navigation.

10. "SURVIVAL, EVASION, AND RECOVERY" FM 21-76-1

Current Military survival manual
S - Size up the situation, surroundings, physical condition, equipment.
U - Use all your senses
R - Remember where you are.
V - Vanquish fear and panic.
I - Improvise and improve.
V - Value living.
A - Act like the natives.
L - Live by your wits.

11. "Air Force Survival Manual" afr 64 4

Current Air Force Manual In depth , 400 + pages.

12. "SURVIVAL IN COLD WEATHER" TC 21-3

PREFACE
This handbook is an aid for soldiers in cold climates. However, expertise in dealing with cold-weather operations cannot be gained just from reading this handbook. To develop successful cold-weather field techniques, application training and operational experience are necessary. Additional information is available in FM 31-70, FM 31-71, FM 90-11 (TBP), and FM 9-207.

Military history of operations in northern areas shows that man's success or failure is measured by his regard for the dominant characteristics of a cold-weather environment. For a soldier to become a cold weather expert, he must learn the techniques and rules needed to fight and live in a cold-weather climate.

13. "Basic Cold Weather Manual" FM 31 70

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 - INDIVIDUAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 3 - SMALL UNIT LIVING
CHAPTER 4 - SKIING AND SNOWSHOEING
CHAPTER 5 - MOVEMENT
CHAPTER 6 - COMBAT TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 7 - SMALL UNIT LEADERS
APPENDIX A - REFERENCES
APPENDIX B - GROUND/AIR EMERGENCY CODE FOR USE IN AIR/LAND RESCUE SEARCH
APPENDIX C - SKI DRILL
APPENDIX D - EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER ON WEAPONS
APPENDIX E - WEIGHTS OF COLD WEATHER CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT AND TYPE LOAD
APPENDIX F - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
APPENDIX G - COLD WEATHER HINTS
APPENDIX H - MEASUREMENT CONVERSION FACTORS
GLOSSARY

14. "WATER SURVIVAL TRAINING" TC 21-21

INTRODUCTION
There are times during military training when soldiers may need to negotiate water obstacles. Leaders at all levels should be aware of the potentially dangerous situation this presents for soldiers who fear water or cannot swim.

Each year many soldiers lose their lives through their inability to manage themselves in water. In addition, soldiers hamper water maneuvers by their lack of confidence and expertise. It is unrealistic to expect that every soldier will be a proficient swimmer. However, every soldier can be trained to participate safely in military training conducted in aquatic environments. Water survival training will build soldiers' confidence for operations in and around water.

This publication presents the Army's water survival training program, which has three classification levels: Class Three - Basic, Class Two Intermediate, and Class One - Advanced. The main goal of the program is to train soldiers to meet the requirements of the Class Three - Basic level. Soldiers who achieve competency at this level should pose little threat to themselves or the unit during most operations in and around water.

Soldiers qualified at Class Two - Intermediate level should be able to survive in water for a prolonged period and perform tasks and negotiate obstacles while in the water.

Soldiers who can perform Class One - Advanced skills should be extremely proficient at water survival.
Soldiers who complete the entire program will know how to do the following actions, which are explained and illustrated in this circular:

l Maintain buoyancy in full gear.
l Swim 15 yards underwater.
l Swim the travel stroke, breaststroke, and sidestroke.
l Assist other swimmers in the water.
l Use personal safety and water survival techniques.

15. "MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS IN UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENTS" AL 9006

INTRODUCTION
Army aviation units will operate in all parts of the world in a wide variety of climates and terrain. While basic aviation maintenance procedures will be followed everywhere, the situation/environment will influence the way maintenance is performed. In many cases, additional actions are required to ensure aircraft and other equipment are adapted to, and protected in, particular environments.

LESSON 1: Desert Operations

LESSON 2: Jungle Operations

LESSON 3: Northern Operations

LESSON 4: Mountain Operations

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