Semiconductors Course Transistor n Diode Circuits CD ^

Semiconductors Course Transistors Diodes Circuits
on CD

CD Contents:
----- 369 pages total

Semiconductors Course Transistors Diodes Circuits on CD

Electric circuits are connections of conductive wires and other devices whereby the uniform flow of electrons occurs. Electronic circuits add a new dimension to electric circuits in that some means of control is exerted over the flow of electrons by another electrical signal, either a voltage or a current.

In and of itself, the control of electron flow is nothing new to the student of electric circuits. Switches control the flow of electrons, as do potentiometers, especially when connected as variable resistors (rheostats). Neither the switch nor the potentiometer should be new to your experience by this point in your study. The threshold marking the transition from electric to electronic, then, is defined by how the flow of electrons is controlled rather than whether or not any form of control exists in a circuit. Switches and rheostats control the flow of electrons according to the positioning of a mechanical device, which is actuated by some physical force external to the circuit. In electronics, however, we are dealing with special devices able to control the flow of electrons according to another flow of electrons, or by the application of a static voltage. In other words, in an electronic circuit, electricity is able to control electricity.

Historically, the era of electronics began with the invention of the Audion tube, a device controlling the flow of an electron stream through a vacuum by the application of a small voltage between two metal structures within the tube. A more detailed summary of so-called electron tube or vacuum tube technology is available in the last chapter of this volume for those who are interested.

Electronics technology experienced a revolution in 1948 with the invention of the transistor. This tiny device achieved approximately the same effect as the Audion tube, but in a vastly smalleramount of space and with less material. Transistors control the flow of electrons through solid semiconductor substances rather than through a vacuum, and so transistor technology is often referred to as solid-state electronics.

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Semiconductors Course Transistors Diodes Circuits
on CD

Contents

1 AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES
1 1.1 From electric to electronic . 1 1.2 Active versus passive devices .2 1.3 Amplifiers . 2 1.4 Amplifier gain .4 1.5 Decibels . 6 1.6 Absolute dB scales . 13

2 SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY
15 2.1 Introduction . 15 2.2 Quantum physics . 15 2.3 Band theory of solids . 27 2.4 Electrons and "holes" .29 2.5 The P-N junction . 30 2.6 Junction diodes . 30 2.7 Bipolar junction transistors . 31 2.8 Junction field-effect transistors . 31 2.9 Insulated-gate field-effect transistors . 32 2.10 Thyristors . 33 2.11 Semiconductor manufacturing techniques . 34 2.12 Superconducting devices . 34 2.13 Quantum devices . 34 2.14 Semiconductor devices in SPICE . 34 2.15 Contributors .34

3 DIODES AND RECTIFIERS
35 3.1 Introduction . 35 3.2 Meter check of a diode .42 3.3 Diode ratings .46 3.4 Rectifier circuits . 47 3.5 Clipper circuits . 53 3.6 Clamper circuits . 53 3.7 Voltage multipliers . 53 3.8 Inductor commutating circuits . 53 3.9 Zener diodes .56 3.10 Special-purpose diodes .64 3.10.1 Schottky diodes .64 3.10.2 Tunnel diodes . 64 3.10.3 Light-emitting diodes .65 3.10.4 Laser diodes . 68 3.10.5 Photodiodes . 69 3.10.6 Varactor diodes .69 3.10.7 Constant-current diodes . 69 3.11 Other diode technologies . 70 3.12 Contributors .70

4 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS
71 4.1 Introduction . 71 4.2 The transistor as a switch . 74 4.3 Meter check of a transistor . 77 4.4 Active mode operation .82 4.5 The common-emitter amplifier . 91 4.6 The common-collector amplifier . 109 4.7 The common-base amplifier . 118 4.8 Biasing techniques . 126 4.9 Input and output coupling . 140 4.10 Feedback . 147 4.11 Amplifier impedances .154 4.12 Current mirrors . 155 4.13 Transistor ratings and packages . 158 4.14 BJT quirks . 159

5 JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
161 5.1 Introduction . 161 5.2 The transistor as a switch . 163 5.3 Meter check of a transistor . 166 5.4 Active-mode operation .168 6 INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 181 6.1 Introduction . 181 6.2 Depletion-type IGFETs . 181 6.12 IGBTs .193

7 THYRISTORS 197 7.1 Hysteresis .
197 7.2 Gas discharge tubes . 198 7.3 The Shockley Diode . 201 7.4 The DIAC . 208 7.5 The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) .209 7.6 The TRIAC . 220 7.7 Optothyristors . 222 7.9 The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS) . 223 7.10 Field-effect-controlled thyristors . 225

8 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
227 8.1 Introduction . 227 8.2 Single-ended and differential amplifiers .227 8.3 The "operational" amplifier . 232 8.4 Negative feedback . 238 8.5 Divided feedback . 241 8.6 An analogy for divided feedback . 244 8.7 Voltage-to-current signal conversion . 249 8.8 Averager and summer circuits .250 8.9 Building a differential amplifier . 253 8.10 The instrumentation amplifier .255 8.11 Differentiator and integrator circuits . 256 8.12 Positive feedback . 259 8.13 Practical considerations: common-mode gain .263 8.14 Practical considerations: offset voltage .267 8.15 Practical considerations: bias current . 269 8.16 Practical considerations: drift .274 8.17 Practical considerations: frequency response . 275 8.18 Operational amplifier models .276 8.19 Data . 281

9 PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS
283 9.1 Power supply circuits { INCOMPLETE . 283 9.1.1 Unregulated . 283 9.1.2 Linear regulated . 283 9.1.3 Switching . 284 9.1.4 Ripple regulated . 284 9.2 Amplifier circuits . 285 9.3 Oscillator circuits . 285 9.4 Phase-locked loops . 285 9.5 Radio circuits . 285 9.6 Computational circuits .285 9.7 Measurement circuits . 307 9.8 Control circuits 307 9.9 Contributors .307

13 ELECTRON TUBES
315 13.1 Introduction . 315 13.2 Early tube history . 315 13.3 The triode . 318 13.4 The tetrode . 321 13.5 Beam power tubes . 322 13.6 The pentode . 323 13.7 Combination tubes . 324 13.8 Tube parameters . 327 13.9 Ionization (gas-filled) tubes . 329 13.10Display tubes .333 13.11Microwave tubes . 336 13.12Tubes versus Semiconductors .339

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