CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
1 1-1 SCOPE.1 1-2 GENERAL FUNCTION.1 1-3 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES.1 1-3.1 Type I - Fueling, Ammunition, and Supply.1 1-3.2 Type II - General Purpose.2 1-3.3 Type III - Repair.2 1-3.4 Type IV - Specialized.3 1-4 FLEXIBILITY OF BERTHS.3 1-5 APPURTENANCES AND FEATURES.3

CHAPTER 2: FACILITY PLANNING.
5 2-1 LOCATION AND ORIENTATION.5 2-1.1 General.5 2-1.2 Orientation for Environmental Conditions.5 2-1.3 Vessel Ingress and Egress.6 2-1.4 Water Depth.7 2-1.5 Dolphins.7 2-2 COORDINATION OF REPAIR.10 2-2.1 General.10 2-3 OVERALL DIMENSIONS AND CLEARANCES.11 2-3.1 General.11 2-3.2 Pier and Wharf Length.14 2-3.3 Pier and Wharf Width.15 2-3.4 Slip.26 2-3.5 Pier and Wharf Deck Elevation.28 2-4 UTILITIES.29 2-4.1 General.29 2-5 LIGHTING.30 2-5.1 Topside Lighting.30 2-5.2 Lower Deck Lighting.31 2-5.3 Underdeck Lighting.31 2-6 SECURITY.31 2-7 LANDSIDE APPROACHES.31 2-7.1 Function.31 2-7.2 Roadway Width.31 2-7.3 Walkway Width.32 2-7.4 Roadway Deck Elevation.32 2-7.5 Number of Approaches.32 2-7.6 Turning Room.33 2-7.7 Safety Barriers.33 2-8 STRUCTURAL TYPES.33 2-8.1 General.33 2-8.2 Selection of Type.33 2-8.3 Construction.42 i

CHAPTER 3. LOAD REQUIREMENTS.
51 UFC 4-152-01 28 July 2005 3-1 GENERAL.51 3-2 DEAD LOADS.51 3-2.1 General.51 3-2.2 Unit Weights.51 3-3 VERTICAL LIVE LOADS.51 3-3.1 General.51 3-3.2 Uniform Loading.52 3-3.3 Truck Loading.52 3-3.4 Rail-Mounted Crane Loading.52 3-3.5 Mobile Crane Loadings.55 3-3.6 Forklift and Straddle Carrier Loadings.59 3-3.7 Loading on Railroad Tracks.59 3-3.8 Buoyancy.59 3-3.9 Wave Loading.59 3-3.10 Application of Loadings.60 3-4 HORIZONTAL LOADS.63 3-4.1 Berthing Loads.63 3-4.2 Mooring Loads.63 3-4.3 Wind Loads on Structures.63 3-4.4 Loads on Piles.63 3-4.5 Earthquake Loads.65 3-4.6 Earth and Water Pressures .68 3-4.7 Thermal Loads.69 3-4.8 Ice Forces.69 3-4.9 Shrinkage.72 3-4.10 Creep.72 3-5 LOAD COMBINATIONS.72 3-5.1 General.72 3-5.2 Load Symbols.73 3-5.3 Load Factor Design.74 3-5.4 Service Load Design.74

CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN.
77 4-1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.77 4-1.1 Timber.77 4-1.2 Steel.78 4-1.3 Concrete.78 4-1.4 Composites.79 4-1.5 Aluminum.79 4-1.6 Plastics.80 4-2 ALLOWABLE STRESSES.80 4-2.1 General.80 4-2.2 Timber.80 4-2.3 Steel.80 4-2.4 Concrete.80 4-2.5 Other Materials.80 4-3 DECK STRUCTURE DESIGN.81 4-3.1 Deck Framing.81 4-3.2 Pile Caps.83 4-4 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN.83 4-4.1 Pile Bent Framing.83 4-5 MOORING HARDWARE.84 4-5.1 General.84 4-5.2 Hardware Types.86 4-5.3 Strength.87 4-5.4 Placement.87 4-6 MOORING DOLPHINS/PLATFORMS.88 4-6.1 Design.88 4-6.2 Construction.88 4-7 MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS.91 4-7.1 Expansion Joints.91 4-7.2 Drainage.91 4-7.3 Bullrail.91 4-7.4 Utility Trench.91 4-7.5 Utility Hoods.95 4-7.6 Wearing Course.95

CHAPTER 5. FENDER SYSTEMS.
97 5-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.97 5-1.1 Description.97 5-1.2 Berthing Practice.97 5-1.3 Camels & Separators.97 5-1.4 Systems Approach.98 5-1.5 Functional Requirements.98 5-2 BERTHING ENERGY DETERMINATION.100 5-2.1 Methods.100 5-3 TYPES OF FENDER SYSTEMS.108 5-3.1 General.108 5-3.2 Fender Piles.108 5-3.3 Fenders.113 5-4 SELECTION AND DESIGN OF FENDER SYSTEMS.122 5-4.1 General.122 5-4.2 Fender System Behavior.126 5-4.3 Evaluation of Fender Systems.127 5-4.4 Fender System Design.129 5-4.5 Corner Protection.131 5-4.6 Support Chains.131 5-4.7 Chocks and Wales.132

CHAPTER 6 CAMELS & SEPARATORS.
134 6-1 FUNCTION AND APPLICATION.134 6-1.1 Hull Maintenance.134 6-1.2 Overhangs and projections.134 6-1.3 Special Hull Treatments.134 6-1.4 Submarine Berthing.134 6-1.5 Multiple Berthing (Nesting).134 6-1.6 Fender Protection.134 6-2 CAMELS.135 6-2.1 Log Camels.135 6-2.2 Timber Camels.135 6-2.3 Steel Pontoon Camels.135 6-2.4 Deep-Draft Camels.135 6-2.5 Hydro-Pneumatic Fenders.135 6-2.6 Composite Camels.136 6-3 Loads.136 6-4 GEOMETRY.137 6-4.1 Ship's Lines.137 6-4.2 Length and Width.137 6-4.3 Depth.138 6-5 STABILITY.138 6-6 LOCATION.138 6-7 MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS.138 6-7.1 Protection.138 6-7.2 Buoyancy Tanks.138 6-7.3 Abrasion.139 6-8 CAMEL DESIGNS.139 6-8.1 Submarine Camels.139 6-8.2 Aircraft Carrier Camels.140 6-9 SEPARATORS.142

CHAPTER 7 ACCESS.
143 7-1 GENERAL.143 7-2 SAFETY.143 7-3 LANDING FLOAT.143 7-3.1 Materials.144 7-3.2 Mooring Systems.144 7-3.3 Live Loads.144 7-3.4 Freeboard.144 7-3.5 Fendering.144 7-3.6 Fittings.144 7-3.7 Finish.145 7-3.8 Reinforced Plastic Landing Float.145 7-3.9 Concrete Float Elements.145 7-4 BROW OR GANGWAY.145 7-4.1 Length.148 7-4.2 Widths.148 7-4.3 Construction.148 7-4.4 Live Load.148 7-4.5 Handrails.148 7-4.6 Safety.148 7-5 BROW PLATFORMS.148 7-6 BROW AND PLATFORM DESIGNS.149 7-7 WALKWAY OR CATWALK.149 7-7.1 Width.149 7-7.2 Live Load.149 7-7.3 Construction.149 7-7.4 Handrails.149 7-8 RAMPS.149 7-9 ACCESS LADDERS AND LIFE RINGS.150

APPENDIX A REFERENCES.152

APPENDIX B GLOSSARY.156

FIGURES Figure 2-1. Pier and Wharf Types.8 Figure 2-2. Wharf Types.9 Figure 2-3. Length and Width of Slip.18 Figure 2-4. Location of Crane Rails, Railroad Tracks, and Utilities.19 Figure 2-5. Single Deck Pier.21 Figure 2-6. Double Deck Pier.22 Figure 2-7. Open and Solid Type Piers/Wharves.35 Figure 2-8. Floating Double Deck Pier.36 Figure 2-9. Open Type Wharf Concepts.44 Figure 2-10. Closed Type Wharf Concepts.45 Figure 2-11. Solid Type, Cellular Construction.47 Figure 2-12. Solid Type, Caisson and Concrete Block Construction.50 Figure 3-1. Wheel Loads for Portal Cranes.54 Figure 3-2. Configuration and Wheel Loads for Container Cranes.56

Figure 3-3. Wheel Loads and Dimensions for Truck Cranes.57 Figure 3-4. Wheel Loads for Forklifts.61 Figure 3-5. Wheel Loads for Straddle Carriers.62 Figure 3-6. Principal Modes of Ice Action.71 Figure 4-1. Concrete Deck Construction.82 Figure 4-2. Substructure Framing Concepts.85 Figure 4-3. Bullrail Details.89 Figure 4-4. Mooring Dolphins.90 Figure 4-5. Railroad Track Support.92 Figure 4-6. Crane Rail Support.93 Figure 4-7. Utility Trench Concept.94 Figure 4-8. Utility Hoods.96 Figure 5-1. Energy Model of a Fender System.99 Figure 5-2. Eccentricity Coefficient, Ce.103 Figure 5-3. Berthing Velocity for Small Ships (up to 20,000 tons).105

Figure 5-4. Berthing Velocity for Large Ships.106 Figure 5-5 Foam-filled Fender System.111 v Figure 5-6 Fiberglass Fender Pile System.112 Figure 5-7 Plastic Fender Pile System.113 Figure 5-8. Side-loaded and End-loaded Rubber Fenders.116 Figure 5-9. Shear Fender.117 Figure 5-10. Buckling Fender with Contact Panel.118 Figure 5-11. Pneumatic Fenders.121 Figure 5-12 Hydro-pneumatic Fender.122 Figure 5-13. Monopile Fender System.123 Figure 5-14. Evaluation of Fender System Types.128 Figure 5-15. Corner Protection.133 Figure 6-1. Composite Camel.137 Figure 6-2. Aircraft Carrier Camel.141 Figure 7-1. Small Floating Stage.146 Figure 7-2. Reinforced Plastic Landing Float.147 Figure 7-3. Transfer Bridge for LHAs.151

TABLES Table 2-1 Ship Characteristics for Selected Ships.12 Table 2-2 Typical Single Deck Pier and Wharf Widths.20 Table 2-3 Estimated Space Requirements for PMA.27 Table 3-1 Unit Weights.51 Table 3-2 Vertical Live Loads for Pier and Wharf Decks.52 Table 3-3 Outrigger Float Loads for Mobile Cranes.58 Table 3-4 Values of CS, modifier for short-period spectral acceleration.66 Table 3-5 Values of C1, modifier for 1-second period spectral acceleration.67 Table 3-6 Load Combinations - LRFD.75 Table 3-7 Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Design.76

EQUATIONS

EQUATION 3-1.66 EQUATION 3-2.73 EQUATION 5-3.100 EQUATION 5-4.101 EQUATION 5-5.101 EQUATION 5-6.102